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PAGE 2
Snow Owl – September 2004
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HOPI
VERSUS NAVAHO/NAVAJO: |
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National Geographic |
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Long before the Christian era,
the Hopis’ ancestors roamed the Southwest. By the turn of the 12th
century several clans had gathered around Oraibi, one of the oldest
continuously inhabited towns in the United States. Settled in the
Black Mesa region, the Hopis enjoyed several generally peaceful
centuries. |
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National Geographic
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1700-1864: Navajo raids plagued
the Southwest in the 1700’s and 1800’s. When Anglo settlers and Hopis
demanded protection, the U.S. Army sent Col. Kit Carson to subdue the
nomads. In the Long Walk of 1864, 8,000 Navajos were relocated Bosque
Redondo in eastern New Mexico. |
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National Geographic |
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1868-1882: Judged a failure,
Bosque Redondo closed after four years, and the Navajos returned to
their homeland, now a reservation. The tribe grew in power and
population, encroaching again on Hopi land. In 1882 the Hopis were
allotted their reservation of 2.5 million acres, but Navajos continued
to move into the area. |
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National Geographic |
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1962 – As Navajos settled closer
and closer to Hopi villages, conflicting claims on 1882 reservation
were pursued in court. A federal panel ruled in 1962 that 1.8 million
acres of the area would thereafter be owned jointly by the two tribes. |
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In the late 1700s the Navajos
began to expand westward from present-day New Mexico. The aggressive
wanderers soon surrounded the Hopis. Though their villages were
clustered on the First, Second, and Third Mesas, the Hopis used vast
stretches of adjacent territory for hunting, gathering, grazing their
sheep and religious purposes.
The problem of Hopis-Navajo conflict fell to the U.S. Government after
the Mexican War of 1848. But authorities did little to prevent the
Navajo influx, even after designating separate reservations for each
tribe in the late 1800s.
In this century the federal government has legislated the land
dispute, principally through the partitioning of a joint-use area in
1977. But tensions remain, with the Hopis pressing their claims on the
basis of historic precedence. |
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 National Geographic |
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1982 – In 1977 a U.S. district
Court decision divided the joint-use area equally between the Hopis
and the Navajos. But controversy lingers. The costly forced relocation
of some 3,000 Navajos and 60 Hopis was expected to continue through
1986. The Navajos have dubbed it the “Second Long Walk”. The Hopis
believe it is merely long overdue justice. |
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National
Geographic |
Cross-cultural celebrations enliven
the village plazas when the Hopis add the trappings of other
tribes to their own ceremonies. This eclectic spirit even
overrides differences with the Navajos who surround them. A
young man (above) wears a hat, necklace, and belt of Navajo
design. |
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National
Geographic |
After emerging from a ceremonial
chamber called a kiva, two costumed men head for a buffalo
dance. |
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National
Geographic |
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National
Geographic |
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National
Geographic |
Compared with these Indian workers of
1921, Cape Cod fishermen are followers of an infant American
industry. Ceramics have more than anesthetic significance.
Pottery making for example, is indicative of a pueblo people,
for the ware is too fragile for nomad use. |
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National
Geographic |
A 20th Century Phidippides of the Hopi
Tribe - Not even the messenger to Sparta showed greater
endurance than the pure-blooded son of the American desert. Many
of the Hopi Indians ran daily to and from their little farms,
often ten or twelve miles away from the barren mesa where they
lived. |
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National
Geographic |
A centuries old stairway, Acoma, New
Mexico –
The same races that built the splendid structures of
Yucatan and Chiapas constructed the pueblos of Arizona and New
Mexico, and that they did their work well is shown by the way it
has defied the teeth of time. |
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National
Geographic |
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National
Geographic |
Prayers of thanks for a salt deposit
nearby are offered as the pilgrimage continues to the Grand
Canyon. |
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National
Geographic |
After the placement of feather
offerings, the site is sprinkled with sacred cornmeal.
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National
Geographic |
Sending prayers to the spirits, and
elder then blows smoke over the feathers after puffing on a pipe
filled with ceremonial tobacco. The exact locations of the
sacred sites, known only by a select few, are periodically
disclosed to younger priests. |
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National
Geographic |
The ogre Chaveyo, a Kachina Spirit
here depicted by a doll, carries a warning to the Hopis that
misfortune will follow if their traditions are not respected.
Spiritual helpmates, Kachinas send rain and other blessings from
their legendary home in San Francisco Peaks. |
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CONTINUED ON PAGE 3 |
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